YESTERDAY : SINCE TIME BEGAN :CAVEAT : Forward Thinking Statement : CAVEAT : IN TRUTH WE TRUST : TOMORROW
OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1299-1922) : TREATY OF SEVRES (1920) TREATY OF LAUSANNE (1923)
July 24Th, 1923
"In 1923, the constitutional government of the Ottoman Empire was transitioning as the empire itself was nearing its end. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TGNA), which had been established in 1920, was the de facto governing body of Turkey. On October 29, 1923, the assembly declared Turkey to be a republic and elected Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as its first president1. This marked the establishment of the Republic of Turkey and the end of the Ottoman Empire.
The last sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI, was sent into exile in 1922, and the caliphate was abolished in March 19242. The TGNA adopted the 1921 Constitution on January 20, 1921, which symbolized a significant constitutional breakthrough in Ottoman-Turkish constitutionalism and laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Republic of Turkey3. A full republican constitution was adopted on April 20, 19244. This period was characterized by significant political, social, and legal reforms that aimed to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and national state."
At What Historical Point Did The British Mandate In Palestine Acquire Legal Veracity?
"The legitimacy of the British Mandate in Palestine was established through a series of international agreements and endorsements. The mandate itself was based on Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which was part of the Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28, 19191. The San Remo Resolution of April 25, 1920, assigned the mandate for Palestine to Britain1. This was followed by the approval of the mandate terms by the Council of the League of Nations on July 24, 19222.
The mandate came into effect on September 29, 1923, after the Treaty of Lausanne was signed on July 24, 1923, which formally ended the state of war between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied forces1. Although the Treaty of Lausanne did not include the divestiture of Ottoman territories, it did recognize the post-war territorial adjustments, which included the mandates established by the League of Nations1.
Therefore, the British Mandate in Palestine acquired its legitimacy from the international legal framework established by the League of Nations and was recognized by the international community with the coming into force of the mandate on September 29, 19231"
The Ottoman Empire Did Not Ratify The 1919 Treaty Of Versailles
"The Ottoman Empire did not ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles was primarily between Germany and the Allied Powers and was signed on June 28, 19191. The Ottoman Empire, which was one of the Central Powers in World War I, signed a separate peace treaty known as the Treaty of Sèvres in 19202. However, this treaty was also not ratified by the Ottoman Empire due to the emergence of the Turkish National Movement, which opposed the terms laid out in the Treaty of Sèvres.
Instead, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923 by the Republic of Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, and it effectively replaced the Treaty of Sèvres. The Treaty of Lausanne was ratified by the Grand National Assembly in Ankara on August 21, 19233. This treaty is considered the final treaty concluding World War I and established the boundaries of modern Turkey. It did not include the punitive terms of the Treaty of Sèvres and is recognized as the treaty that ended the state of war between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied forces."
